German Institute for Global and Area Studies | Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien

German Institute for Global and Area Studies | Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien

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Explaining Middle-Power Engagement in External Regions: A Comparison of Iranian, Saudi, and Turkish Sub-Saharan Africa Policies

  • By means of a comparative historical analysis of Iranian, Saudi-Arabian, and Turkish engagement in Africa following the continent’s decolonization processes and running up until 2020, this project seeks to make sense of middle-power engagement in external regions. First, the project will identify the periods of shifting IST engagement in Africa. Second, it will analyze the reasons why, and the conditions under which, IST have stepped up—or reduced—their foreign policy efforts in Africa. Third, it will develop mid-range generalizations on middle-power engagement in external regions.
    DFG, 2022-2025

    Team

    Mira Demirdirek

    Doctoral Researcher

    Hamid Talebian

    Doctoral Researcher

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    Forschungsfragen

    By means of a comparative historical analysis of IST engagement in sub-Saharan Africa following the continent’s decolonization processes after World War II and running up until the end of 2020, this project seeks to make sense of middle-power engagement in external regions. It focuses on three objectives to this end: First, the project will identify—and define—the periods of shifting IST engagement in Africa in the chosen era. Second, it will analyze the reasons why, and the conditions under which, IST have stepped up—or reduced—their foreign policy efforts in Africa. Third and finally, it will develop mid-range generalizations on middle-power engagement in external regions, ones which can subsequently be applied to cases elsewhere.

    Beitrag zu internationaler Forschung

    Why do middle powers engage in external regions? Although regions have become defining elements of international politics, and despite middle powers now being considered key actors in today’s multipolar international system, extant theoretical studies on middle powers offer only limited and inconsistent answers as to why they embark on comprehensive strategic foreign policies toward a given external region or, contrariwise, choose to significantly downgrade their foreign policy endeavors. There is thus a notable research gap on a topic that has gained greatly in importance of late, and one that comes with significant real-world implications.

    Forschungsdesign und Methoden

    To achieve these objectives, the research team will first analyze quantitative and qualitative data to gauge the values for the three indicators selected to detect the periods of shifting IST engagement in Africa: diplomatic activities; endeavors in selected policy areas, including security, economic, cultural, and aid relations; and, security strategies related to Africa. Based on the so-established periodization, we will then analyze the reasons and conditions for any increased IST engagement. We will do so by focusing on two periods of heightened engagement in one African subregion for each IST state, including three years preceding and three years succeeding the respective time periods. Using the method of structured, focused comparison in combination with process tracing, we will contrast the periods of heightened IST engagement within and between cases. Importantly, this comparative analysis will be conducted along, and geared toward assessing, three sets of assumptions derived from the theoretical literature, and conveniently grouped into three categories: domestic, systemic, and status factors driving middle-power engagement. Toward the end of the project, these assumptions—whose explanatory power will have been tested and revised over the course of this exploratory study—will be further systemized and made applicable to other cases elsewhere.

    Projektbezogene Publikationen

    GIGA Focus Nahost | 6/2024

    Non-State Actors and Autocratic Public Diplomacy: A Transregional View

    „Public Diplomacy“ nimmt einen zentralen Stellenwert in den Außenpolitiken autoritärer Staaten ein. Dieser GIGA Focus Nahost untersucht die Rolle echter und vermeintlicher nichtstaatlicher Akteure in den iranischen, saudischen und türkischen Public Diplomacy-Strategien gegenüber Afrika.

    Dr. Jens Heibach

    Mira Demirdirek

    Hamid Talebian

    GIGA Focus Afrika | 2/2024

    Peaceful or Contentious? How to Promote Interreligious Peace in Africa

    In afrikanischen Gesellschaften gibt es Anerkennung religiöser Vielfalt, aber auch (gewalttätigen) religiösen Extremismus. Was bestimmt, ob interreligiöse Beziehungen friedlich oder angespannt sind? Was können wir von positiven Beispielen lernen und welche Rolle spielt religiöser Extremismus?

    Hervé Akinocho

    Dr. Lisa Hoffmann

    Julia Köbrich

    GIGA Focus Nahost | 1/2024

    Ten Things to Watch in the Middle East and North Africa in 2024

    Vom Gaza-Krieg über andere regionale Konflikte bis hin zur anhaltenden Bedeutung des Erdöls bleibt die MENA-Region für Europa von zentraler Bedeutung. Wir stellen zehn Themen vor, die in den Beziehungen zwischen den beiden Regionen im Jahr 2024 eine herausragende Rolle spielen werden.

    Prof. Dr. Eckart Woertz

    Direktor des GIGA Instituts für Nahost-Studien / Redaktion GIGA Focus Nahost

    Olena Osypenkova

    Doctoral Researcher

    Kapitel in Sammelband | 2024

    Beyond the Soft–Hard Power Binary: Resource Control in Turkey's Foreign Policy Towards Sub-Saharan Africa

    Using the case of Turkey’s Africa policy, this article argues for adopting a process-oriented approach to analysing the foreign policies of (autocratising) states by focusing on the foreign policy situations in which they mobilize power resources; and the extent to which they attempt to gain control over societal power resources.

    Dr. Hakkı Taş

    Research Fellow

    Dr. Jens Heibach

    Research Fellow

    Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies | 2024

    Beyond the Soft–Hard Power Binary: Resource Control in Turkey’s Foreign Policy Towards Sub-Saharan Africa

    Using the case of Turkey’s Africa policy under the AKP, this article challenges this reading and its underlying conceptual assumptions.

    Dr. Jens Heibach

    Research Fellow

    Dr. Hakkı Taş

    Research Fellow

    Weitere Inhalte zum Thema

    La visite du Premier ministre du Niger, Ali Mahaman Lamine Zeine, en Iran: surmonter les sanctions et chercher des alliés

    Radio France Internationale (RFI) | Interview | 27.01.2024

    La visite du Premier ministre du Niger, Ali Mahaman Lamine Zeine, en Iran: surmonter les sanctions et chercher des alliés

    Hamid Talebian

    Doctoral Researcher

    Au Sahel, l’Iran en pleine offensive diplomatique

    Le Monde Afrique | Interview | 09.01.2024

    Au Sahel, l’Iran en pleine offensive diplomatique

    Hamid Talebian explains that recent Iranian outreach to the Sahel is driven by building anti-Western alliances with countries that are increasingly moving away from the 'West'.

    Hamid Talebian

    Doctoral Researcher

    Opening Pandora's Box? The Cyprus Crisis and the Changing Role of Africa in Turkey's Foreign Policy

    Konferenz | 21.09.2023 - 23.09.2023

    Opening Pandora's Box? The Cyprus Crisis and the Changing Role of Africa in Turkey's Foreign Policy

    29. Internationaler DAVO-Kongress, Universität Wien, Vienna Organisation: Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft Vorderer Orient für gegenwartsbezogene Forschung und Dokumentation Mira Demirdirek (Vortragende:r)

    Mira Demirdirek

    Doctoral Researcher

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